feat(DateAdapter): Add a method for getting the ISO week number

Feature Description

This method should return the ISO week number. It has locale independent calculation algorithm and so could be implemented in the base class. And maybe it will be a start point for adding the local week number getter.

Use Case

DateAdapter or based on it custom adapters can be used not only in Material Components but also inside custom components or even in some enterprise apps to abstract from concrete datetime library. I understand it even as a kinda calendar adapter. And if so there could be a method for getting the week number. I know that its kinda tricky operation because of different locales but there is an algorithm for getting the week number in ISO way. So what do you think about adding it to DateAdapter? Personally I can make the PR.

[crisbeto]

I’ll close this as a duplicate of https://github.com/angular/components/issues/20530 since we’ll have to add a similar method when adding support for week numbers.

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