DI support for auth handler options

https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/issues/9337#issuecomment-581489114 https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/issues/9337#issuecomment-581516787

Describe the bug

The authentication handlers are configured in Startup.ConfigureServices and have trouble relying on services for any customization. E.g.

	.AddCookie(o =>
	{
		o.TicketDataFormat = new CustomDataFormat(settings.Secret, /* Add logging? */);
	});

IOptions supports DI for configure callbacks, but the existing overloads aren’t compatible with the auth setup pattern.

Workaround:

            services.AddAuthentication(options =>
            {
                options.DefaultScheme = CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
            }).AddCookie(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);

            services.AddTransient<IConfigureOptions<CookieAuthenticationOptions>>(sp =>
                new ConfigureNamedOptions<CookieAuthenticationOptions>(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, o =>
                {
                    o.TicketDataFormat = new CustomDataFormat("secret", sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<CustomDataFormat>>());
                }));

Proposals:

Some new overloads could make this easier. We should consider if these apply to all of the auth handlers, not just the Cookie samples given here.

.AddCookie(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, (o, serviceProvider) =>
{
        o.TicketDataFormat = new CustomDataFormat("secret", sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<CustomDataFormat>>());
});

.AddCookie<ILogger<CustomDataFormat>>(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, (o, logger) =>
{
        o.TicketDataFormat = new CustomDataFormat("secret", logger);
});

services.Configure<CookieAuthenticationOptions, ILogger<CustomDataFormat>>(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, o =>
{
       o.TicketDataFormat = new CustomDataFormat("secret", sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<CustomDataFormat>>());
});

[Tratcher]

Oh, right, there’s a named overload:

services.AddOptions<JwtBearerOptions>("MyJwt")
             .Configure<ILogger<CustomDataFormat>>((options, logger) =>
             {

             });

[Tratcher]

You still need to call AddJwtBearer for other reasons, it’s wiring the handler into the auth service.