Bug: groupby with sort=False creates buggy MultiIndex

d = pd.to_datetime(['2020-11-02', '2019-01-02', '2020-01-02', '2020-02-04', '2020-11-03', '2019-11-03', '2019-11-13', '2019-11-13'])
a = np.arange(len(d))
b = np.random.rand(len(d))
df = pd.DataFrame({'d': d, 'a': a, 'b': b})
t = df.groupby(['d', 'a'], sort=False).mean()

The index of t is certainly not sorted, but t.index.is_lexsorted() returns True.

Another more subtle example is

d = [3,4,10,0,1,2,5,3]
a = np.arange(len(d))
b = np.random.rand(len(d))
df = pd.DataFrame({'d': d, 'a': a, 'b': b})
t = df.groupby(['d', 'a'], sort=False).mean()

This time the lexsort flag is correct. However, calling sortlevel will not sort the new MultiIndex correctly, that is, t.index.sortlevel(['d', 'a'])[0] returns

MultiIndex([( 3, 0),
            ( 3, 7),
            ( 4, 1),
            (10, 2),
            ( 0, 3),
            ( 1, 4),
            ( 2, 5),
            ( 5, 6)],
           names=['d', 'a'])

Output of pd.show_versions()

[paste the output of pd.show_versions() here below this line]

INSTALLED VERSIONS

commit : None python : 3.7.4.final.0 python-bits : 64 OS : Linux OS-release : 4.15.0-72-generic machine : x86_64 processor : x86_64 byteorder : little LC_ALL : None LANG : en_US.UTF-8 LOCALE : en_US.UTF-8

pandas : 1.0.1 numpy : 1.18.1 pytz : 2019.3 dateutil : 2.8.1 pip : 20.0.2 setuptools : 45.2.0.post20200210 Cython : 0.29.15 pytest : 5.3.5 hypothesis : 5.5.4 sphinx : 2.4.0 blosc : None feather : None xlsxwriter : 1.2.7 lxml.etree : 4.5.0 html5lib : 1.0.1 pymysql : None psycopg2 : None jinja2 : 2.11.1 IPython : 7.12.0 pandas_datareader: 0.8.1 bs4 : 4.8.2 bottleneck : 1.3.2 fastparquet : None gcsfs : None lxml.etree : 4.5.0 matplotlib : 3.1.3 numexpr : 2.7.1 odfpy : None openpyxl : 3.0.3 pandas_gbq : None pyarrow : 0.13.0 pytables : None pytest : 5.3.5 pyxlsb : None s3fs : None scipy : 1.4.1 sqlalchemy : 1.3.13 tables : 3.6.1 tabulate : None xarray : None xlrd : 1.2.0 xlwt : 1.3.0 xlsxwriter : 1.2.7 numba : 0.45.1

[MarcoGorelli]

If you do df.unstack(‘d’).stack().index, the resulting index is unsorted on level ‘d’, but its .is_lexsorted() returns True.

In this case, isn’t the current result correct though?

In [1]: import pandas as pd; import numpy as np                                                                                                                                                                  

In [2]: d = pd.to_datetime(['2020-11-02', '2019-01-02', '2020-01-02', '2020-02-04', '2020-11-03', '2019-11-03', '2019-11-13', '2019-11-14']) 
   ...: a = np.arange(len(d)) 
   ...: b = np.random.rand(len(d)) 
   ...: df = pd.DataFrame({'d': d, 'a': a, 'b': b}).set_index(['d', 'a']).take([3,2,4,1,0,5,6,7])                                                                                                                

In [3]: df.unstack('d').stack().index                                                                                                                                                                            
Out[3]: 
MultiIndex([(0, '2020-11-02'),
            (1, '2019-01-02'),
            (2, '2020-01-02'),
            (3, '2020-02-04'),
            (4, '2020-11-03'),
            (5, '2019-11-03'),
            (6, '2019-11-13'),
            (7, '2019-11-14')],
           names=['a', 'd'])

The index is sorted by its first argument, and so it is correct to say that it’s lexically sorted

[MarcoGorelli]

(just some notes, will come back to this)

is_lexsorted assumes the order of .codes reflects the order of the elements in the index. But .codes is actually determined by

                codes, uniques = algorithms.factorize(self.grouper, sort=self.sort)

in pandas/core/groupby/grouper.py, where self.sort may be False